In response to the various terror
related incidents that have plagued the country ahead of the 11th anniversary
of the 9/11 attack, the government and the police have applied a security
approach that is inadequate in its approach to uprooting the terror networks
which are involving more and more young people.
Radicals in Indonesia are getting younger,
with some arrested while still in their teens. Farhan Mujahidin and Mukhsin
Sanny Permadi, two suspects in the recent terror attack in the Central Java
city of Surakarta, were only 19 years old when they were gunned down by
counterterrorism police officers.
It is through critical education that
terrorism can be rooted out. While the security approach is more to do with the
surface structure, critical education is aimed at deconstructing the basic
tenets that cause terrorism. It is through critical thinking that fluid nature
and methods of terrorist organizations, which are constantly adapting to law
enforcement procedures and goals, can be tamed.
To adopt Paolo Freire’s concept on
consciousness, terrorism and violence being inseparably bound to soaring naïve
consciousness — suicide bombers could be categorized as having such a naïve
consciousness. They usually do not have the ability to act and move alone. Rather
they are steered by ruling figures based on misleading concepts of religion.
Authority belongs to leaders, as is the interpretation of holy texts. Allowing
leaders to exercise control is a part of holy fidelity and sincere dedication.
As long as the interpreting authority still
belongs to particular persons, it is likely to be used to force others, namely
subordinate people, to commit the brutality. Many cannot think clearly since
loyalty and absence of dialogue stand hand in hand. Not surprisingly, someone
with naïve consciousness tends to do much damage. Suicide attacks on places of
worship, such as churches and mosques, could be seen as damaging the earth and
human beings at such an unprecedented rate.
Critical education might play a significant
role in extirpating terrorism from earlier times. Critical education is
basically adult education full of love and affection. One is urged to think and
be conscious that he or she is a part of earth, which in turn is held within a
macro-cosmos calling for human preservation. Furthermore, critical education
asserts that das Sein is not a must. By the time distortion and abuse appear,
one is required to remedy the situation.
A myriad of terror acts against places of
worship is not a never-ending vicious circle. Rather it constitutes a distorted
human civilization exerting stress upon one-sided coercion. Any efforts to get
things right and done, greatly serve to foster one’s freedom and self-reliance.
Only a free and independent person, as representing Freire’s core humanization,
might prevent human beings’ deviant attitude from worsening.
In response to increasing religious extremism,
critical education must consider a dialogical approach, the end of cult
personality and the strengthening of philosophy. The dialogical approach is a
key to the creation of independent and free persons. Through dialogue, one
learns to foster a greater balance between freedom and openness on one side as
well as responsibility and control on the other. People’s awareness of dialogue
will lead them to acceptance and the ability to listen to the views and needs
of others.
Religious extremism frequently comes to light
since people, particularly younger people, refer to the normative right and
wrong yardsticks instead of contextual precise/imprecise values based on a
monological style. The dialogic religious experience does not simply make
people tolerate differences of opinion or the practices of others, but also
encourages them to respect others, characterized by the concept of “agree to
disagree”. There will be no extremism as everybody reaches a common platform
and respects different thoughts.
Preventing this cult of personality is equally
necessary. It seems there is a tendency in Indonesia’s religious extremism that
is marked by a rise in lone jihadists. These so called lone jihadists rely upon
individuals for the interpretation of Islamic messages conveyed by
fundamentalist Muslim scholars. They have absorbed the teaching from books and
the Internet in an illogic dialectical manner.
Leaders of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah
representing mainstream Muslim organizations need to take a role in countering
extreme doctrines by joining the anti-terror campaign, reiterating their
commitment to the Constitution which protects religious freedom, and assure the
public that the state will take all necessary steps to guarantee the freedoms
for all Indonesians regardless of their faith.
Young Muslims need to be provided with art,
literature and philosophy. Islamic boarding school students, for instance,
ought to be exposed to art and literature to see a world beyond the black and
white. Art and literature can soften a human’s soul and mind. In terms of
critical thinking, teaching philosophy might change militant individuals after
failed efforts to talk to them hundreds of times.
Philosophy makes Muslims more curious about
their doctrines in a critical manner without having the fear of eliminating
authentic doctrines. Bolstered by this dialogical method, philosophy becomes
the key to shielding young Muslims from falling under the influence of the
extreme Muslim figures and narrows the field for potential radicals.
Donny
Syofyan ;
A
Lecturer at the School of Cultural Sciences
at Andalas University, Padang
JAKARTA
POST, 13 September 2012
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